World Map of Young Fold and Block Mountains

Introduction Mountains are important for understanding Geography. They contribute to the development of Climate, Water Systems, The Origin of Rivers, and Biodiversity as well as contribute to the spread of Deserts. Mountains create landforms, and “MOUNTAINS” are an important part of Physical Geography and Prelims Map Work for UPSC aspirants and Mains Physical Geography/Social studies.

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CJI of India

CJI of India: Role, Authority, History & Gender Debate

Introduction Recently, Justice Suryakant has taken the oath as Chief Justice of India. The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the highest-ranking judge in the country and the head of the entire judicial system. If the courts function as the Constitution’s “brain,” the CJI directs that brain to render justice.  The CJI’s function is significant because

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Articles 200 & 201

SC Verdict on Articles 200 & 201: Judiciary Cannot Prescribe Timelines for Assent

Judiciary cannot impose timelines on President and Governors: Supreme Court On 21 November 2025, the Supreme Court made a large and consequential ruling that courts have no authority to deliver timelines on the President or Governors in relation to Bills pending approval under Articles 200 and 201.The matter arose through the 16th Presidential Reference under

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Tribunals

Tribunals in India: SC Strikes Down Provisions, Articles 323A–323B Explained

Introduction Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: “An independent judiciary is the soul of our Constitution. The Supreme Court has recently invalidated parts of the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021, finding that many provisions were a re-enactment of the constitutionally void Ordinance of the same name, invalidated in the Madras Bar Association case. The Court found that these provisions

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