UPSC

Articles 200 & 201

SC Verdict on Articles 200 & 201: Judiciary Cannot Prescribe Timelines for Assent

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Judiciary cannot impose timelines on President and Governors: Supreme Court On 21 November 2025, the Supreme Court made a large and consequential ruling that courts have no authority to deliver timelines on the President or Governors in relation to Bills pending approval under Articles 200 and 201.The matter arose through the 16th Presidential Reference under […]

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Tribunals

Tribunals in India: SC Strikes Down Provisions, Articles 323A–323B Explained

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Introduction Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: “An independent judiciary is the soul of our Constitution. The Supreme Court has recently invalidated parts of the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021, finding that many provisions were a re-enactment of the constitutionally void Ordinance of the same name, invalidated in the Madras Bar Association case. The Court found that these provisions

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Feminist Concept of Citizenship

The Feminist Concept of Citizenship: From Exclusion to Empowered Belonging

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Introduction: The Global Reality of Women’s Inequality In 1980, a landmark UN report revealed a shocking truth: Women form half of the world’s population, contribute two-thirds of its work hours, receive only one-tenth of global income, and own less than one-hundredth of the world’s property. This contrast between contribution and reward reflects a deeper issue—citizenship

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President of India

President of India: Powers, Election, Veto, Pardoning & Comparison

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Introduction “The President is not merely a head of state, but the constitutional conscience-keeper of the nation.” — Inspired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s vision The President of India serves as the head of the Indian State, its first citizen, and represents the unity of the nation. India has a parliamentary democracy, which means the real

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Gandhian & Socialist Principles of DPSPs

Gandhian and Socialist Principles of DPSPs: The Blueprint of India’s Welfare State

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Introduction: The Heart of India’s Constitution The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs), found in Part IV (Articles 36–51) of the Indian Constitution, are just that, a direction of governance. They are to promote a welfare state and provide social, economic and political justice for all. The DPSPs were inspired by: The Irish Constitution and

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