January 2026

FRBM Act

FRBM Act , 2003: Background, Provisions and Significance for UPSC

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Introduction India’s experience as a developing economy has shown that high fiscal deficits and rising public debt can fuel inflation, push up interest rates, and hinder long-term growth. To avoid fiscal mismanagement and ensure macroeconomic stability, a rules-based framework for fiscal discipline became essential. The Constitution, under Article 112, mandates that the Annual Financial Statement […]

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Ocean Currents

Ocean Currents: Causes, Types and Global Distribution for UPSC

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Introduction “Ocean currents are the great regulators of Earth’s climate, redistributing heat and energy across the planet.”— W.M. Davis, Geologist and Geomorphologist The continuous movement of ocean water on a large scale (ocean currents) transports heat, moisture and nutrients throughout the globe.The ocean’s effects can be seen indirectly in the weather and climate of the

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UNFCCC and the U.S. Withdrawal

UNFCCC and the U.S. Withdrawal: Implications for Global Climate Governance

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Introduction The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is one of the principal pillars of global climate governance through which international cooperation on climate change is institutionalised. As the foundational framework for collective climate action, it laid the legal and institutional basis for multilateral responses to climate change. By providing a permanent negotiation

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Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate Social Responsibility for UPSC: Supreme Court and Wildlife Conservation

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Introduction The Supreme Court of India made an important ruling concerning environmental issues, broadening the definition of Corporate Social Responsibility to include a corporation’s obligation to protect ecosystems. The Court stated that it is impossible to separate a corporation’s economic activity from its environmental responsibilities. The Supreme Court identified several aspects of corporate responsibility for

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