August 2025

Brain Computer Interface & Indian Laws: Explained for UPSC

2 Comments | Current affairs |

Introduction A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), as developed in our research, decodes a person’s inner speech—imagined but unspoken words—by translating neural activity from the motor cortex into real-time, intelligible language. This advance marks a crucial step toward restoring natural communication for patients unable to speak.”— https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2025/08/study-inner-speech-decoding-device-patients-paralysis What if machines could tell what you were thinking? This […]

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Article 12 of Indian Constitution: Who is the ‘State’?

2 Comments | UPSC |

The Fundamental Rights provided for in the Indian Constitution is a very important and arguably central aspect of the Constitution, serving as the foundation for citizens protection against arbitrary actions of the State. However, this raises the question: Who is the State that has to honour these rights? The answer is provided by Article 12.

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UER 2

UER 2 Expressway: Phase 1 of Bharatmala Pariyojana

1 Comment | Current affairs, UPSC |

Introduction – Delhi’s 3rd Ring-Road UER 2 will be inaugrated on 16th August, 2025 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Delhi’s traffic woes have been around for years. The future, 3rd Ring Road area, UER-2 concept was part of the 1962 Delhi Master Plan. A first-order access-controlled expressway, UER-2 will serve as the 3rd Ring Road

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LTCL & STCG

LTCL & STCG Set-Off Explained: New Income Tax Bill,2025

1 Comment | Current affairs |

Under Clause 536(n) (the “Repeal and Saving” provision) of the New Income-Tax Bill, 2025, the following change is allowed: Any long-term capital loss (LTCL) brought forward under the old Income-Tax Act, 1961 — incurred up to March 31, 2026 — may be set off and carried forward against any capital gains (including short-term capital gains,

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new income tax bill,2025

New Income Tax Bill, 2025: Key Changes, Impacts & Why It Matters

2 Comments | Current affairs |

The Income-tax Act, 1961 has served as India’s direct taxation framework for over sixty years and , over time, has been amended innumerable times to accommodate the prevailing issues as well as new priorities. However, since the original enactment of the Income-tax Act, India’s economic structure, statute-based structure and technological influence has changed massively. Consequently,

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